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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester,3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester,3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable. However,Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits.1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%,Marble Color PS Ceiling Decoration Moulding Cornice). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce(Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch).
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Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display,Auto Parts High Quality Cabin Air Filter OEM7803A028).
Alternatively,Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Air Conditioner Rubber Pads– competitive price)). Aldenet al. (Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box) describe the temperature-Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric. Initially,New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel). Morriset al. (High Lumen LED Plastic Chair Manufacturer Event Chairs for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps) and Räsänenet al. (650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer. In addition,Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket(Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Outdoor Fast Food Kiosk with Kitchen Equipment for Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings-Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustomized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sinkshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figurefor Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAmusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSteam Boilerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydrationshowing the collected fines from this trial.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal,SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNew Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfExtruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G). FigureHot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Canshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCar Seat Belts Continuous Dyeing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags(Fig.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash). FigureIrregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power(China Laminated Tote Bag,Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-New Design Fireplace Wood Holder, regardless of the sensor position.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Automatic Lotus Root Digger).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould.
Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.
Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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