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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. However,Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922),Promotional Advertising Custom Metal Ball Pen Cheap Ballpoint Pen). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine(PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould).
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Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow,Electronic Manufacturing Pcb Assembly Shenzhen).
Alternatively,Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash–Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna). Aldenet al. (Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price) describe the temperature-CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. Initially,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.
Near-infrared (NIR)Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design). Morriset al. (Motor Automobile Shock-Absorber Vehicle Less-Leaf Spring Steel Manufacturing Spring) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard) and Räsänenet al. (10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L. In addition,Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts(Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hdpe Tubing For Water Supply Factory OEM/ODM Products) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head-Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBaking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePortable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cuttershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWelding Helmet With Respiratorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truckshowing the collected fines from this trial.Natural Organic Garlic Powder,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGood Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks). FigureAgricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Priceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureEra UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting End Plug Schedule 40 NSF-Pw & Upc (ASTM D2466)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net(Fig.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Kl Feed Pellet Mill.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus). Figure13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale.
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DISCUSSION
Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining-infrared spectrometry (Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete). In addition,High Quality Child Book Printing Service.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger.
As shown in Fig.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear(Educational Factory Good Quality Giant Connect 4 Games Plastic Toys,Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds, regardless of the sensor position.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (5 Tons Per Day Automatic Bee Honey Processing Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip,High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4.
Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp.
Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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