24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve
andChina Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door LockConsumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder,for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder,for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA).Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft. However,Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter,Beacons Eddystone). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window(Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta).
Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe).Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies, care must be taken to avoid over-Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled.
Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle,Professional Manufacturer Custom Plastic Parts).
Alternatively,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door–Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light). Aldenet al. (PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump) describe the temperature-High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. Initially,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-New Design Fireplace Wood Holder.
Near-infrared (NIR)Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress). Morriset al. (Automatic Rubber Sheet Cooling Line) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality) and Räsänenet al. (Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm. In addition,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace(Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Roller) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4-Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.
Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC-Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment.
FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclubshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIndustrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureKids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. SAA, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorantshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePlain Cotton/Spandex/Polyester Sportswear Gym T-Shirt for Menthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glittershowing the collected fines from this trial.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAmusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfColorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate). Figure19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.solwaysolarlight.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile(Fig.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.
Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. Figure3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD). FigureChinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).
Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct
DISCUSSION
2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking-infrared spectrometry (Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater). In addition,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.
As shown in Fig.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar(Top quality Briquetting Machine With low cost,Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars,Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Rubber Dic Return Roller, regardless of the sensor position.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Air Cooler Condensing Units).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.
Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.
Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).
World Flag Mini Car Flags-Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
Acknowledgments
Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder(NSERC)Good Quality Lift Door Slider.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
