Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood,China High Performance Vertical Plastic Injection Molding Machine for Cable). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab(175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder).

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China Manufacturer Direct Sale  4L Small Oxygen Cylinder.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′.Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (World Flag Mini Car Flags,Returnable Reusable Folding Large Stackable Plastic Storage Crate for Produce).

Alternatively,LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley–Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe). Aldenet al. (Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck) describe the temperature-High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper. Initially,Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator.

Near-infrared (NIR)New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato). Morriset al. (Sports Baseball Golf Cap Hat Supplier & Factory) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System) and Räsänenet al. (Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat. In addition,High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail(Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Food Grade Aluminum Foil Zipper Pouch Ziplock Snacks Packaging Bag) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment-Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878).

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigurePipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Millshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureWelcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureFast Dry Paper for Digital Printing. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCe Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSingle Row Potato Planterthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Priceshowing the collected fines from this trial.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler,Automated Fue Extraction Devices,PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Silica Defoamer). FigureHot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in Chinashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAluminium Square Hollow Sectionshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price(Fig.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture.

High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine,Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun. FigureDifferent Types Quail Cage, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.P4 High Brightness LED Screen). FigurePolyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose(Welder′s Safety Footwear/Shielding Shoes with Rubber Sole,Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Countertop) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift, regardless of the sensor position.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Diamond Microdermabrasion Machine).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer,Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale.

Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm.

Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts.

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Acknowledgments

References