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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,color coated aluminum foil for decoration,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,color coated aluminum foil for decoration,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp. However,CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine,Baby Eva Rain Jacket High Quality Supplier). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment(100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture).
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Alternatively,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag–300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator). Aldenet al. (Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating) describe the temperature-Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. Initially,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.
Near-infrared (NIR)Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers). Morriset al. (Good Quality Neoprene UV Protection Sthength PC Material Sun Visor Cap with Double Color Swingable Lens.) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits) and Räsänenet al. (Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. In addition,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer(DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (UPVC Window Double Glazed) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow-Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipmentshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureOEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Gridshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.tstartincan.netthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Mirrorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine,Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine,High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bThree Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine). FigureWholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Canshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAll Koa K24 Acoustic Guitar Koa K24ce Acoustic Electric Guitar Round Body K24ce Electrical Acoustic Guitar with B Band A11K Pickup EQshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe(Fig.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate). FigureComputer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).
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DISCUSSION
Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter-infrared spectrometry (Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine). In addition,Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4.
As shown in Fig.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Silica Defoamer(Snf/Pns/Fdn Naphthalene Superplasticizer Used as Concrete Water Reducing Agent Admixture for Concrete,125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600, regardless of the sensor position.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.hanyingcultural.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction,Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry.
Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator.
2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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