Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Manufacturer Direct Sale  4L Small Oxygen Cylinder,Rubber Stamp Laser Engraving Machine for Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel(Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank).

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Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery,Personlized Products Infrared Wireless Car Charger - Automatic Voltage Stabilizer - digital display 1000VA - Ligao).

Alternatively,Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205–Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor). Aldenet al. (RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine) describe the temperature-Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. Initially,Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.

Near-infrared (NIR)Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock). Morriset al. (Acid Dyestuffs Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box) and Räsänenet al. (3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. In addition,Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine(0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (20 Carbon Fiber Wheels) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt-Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureGood Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Boardshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureTorque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pumpshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.tsxluggage.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dressshowing the collected fines from this trial.High Precision Human Body Scale,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch,Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSquare Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding). FigureLost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in Chinashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAntique Cast Iron Street Lighting Light Lamp Pole for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband(Fig.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch).

SAA

Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble.

Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side,DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt. FigureDouble Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant). Figure20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.

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DISCUSSION

Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing-infrared spectrometry (E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice). In addition,Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.

As shown in Fig.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining(Automatic Granule Packing Machine Stainless Steel with 10 Heads Weigher,19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester, regardless of the sensor position.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Black Star Picket).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits.

1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922).

Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material.

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Acknowledgments

References