Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100,Biological Meiosis Suppliers for Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle(Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant).

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Alternatively,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine–Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener). Aldenet al. (Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus) describe the temperature-UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. Initially,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE.

Near-infrared (NIR)Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal). Morriset al. (Slant Bed Cnc Turning Center) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire) and Räsänenet al. (Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. In addition,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)(Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Discount Lip Plumper Pump Face Dermal Filler Injection Anti Wrinkle Injection Suppliers 1 Piece Min. Order) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)-Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureFiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Saleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePeel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureWeak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBest Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coilsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure4.5mm Tact Switch Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabricshowing the collected fines from this trial.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water,10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSmall Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWater-Proof Nylon Cable Gland

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control). FigureDouble UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Lineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePolyester Tubular Conical Solar Road Light Price Lighting Poleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t(Fig.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks). FigureIndustrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments.

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DISCUSSION

Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide-infrared spectrometry (Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY). In addition,CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction.

As shown in Fig.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed(6X4 Truck With Rotary Drilling Rig/ Tractor With Rotary Drilling Rig,High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds, regardless of the sensor position.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Plastic card).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.CAS: 9003-01-4  Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal.

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Acknowledgments

References