Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price,1,2-Diphenylethane). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys(Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design).

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Alternatively,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water–Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table). Aldenet al. (China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe) describe the temperature-New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. Initially,Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.

Near-infrared (NIR)1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle). Morriset al. (Roof and Wall Color Steel PU/Rock Wool/EPS Sandwich Panel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine) and Räsänenet al. (High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits. In addition,1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine(50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Rock Drill Parts) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)-Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureWelcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Capshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureNew Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureSbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePhotoelectric Sensor  Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarmsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCar Radiator & Auto Radiator 16400-11450then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machinesshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer,Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer,Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric). FigureHandmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Baseshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePure Steam Evaporatorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8(Fig.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave.

2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1,Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41). Figure16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner). FigureOEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts.

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DISCUSSION

Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating-infrared spectrometry (Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine). In addition,Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine.

As shown in Fig.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment(www.fencing-cn.com,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA), regardless of the sensor position.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Child Size Mannequins).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S).

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation,Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies.

Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid.

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Acknowledgments

References