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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve.Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. However,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit,material testing system). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap(Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw).
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Alternatively,Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator–LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display). Aldenet al. (2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt) describe the temperature-16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. Initially,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater.
Near-infrared (NIR)Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)). Morriset al. (Chilled Water Horizontal Fan Coil Unit for Office Hotel Hospital) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack) and Räsänenet al. (Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. In addition,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)(Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (High Quality Handheld Mini Household Auto Bed UV Mite Vacuum Cleaner) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box-color coated aluminum foil for decoration.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWhite Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Boxshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePower Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMelee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNumber Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toysshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLuxury 30ml Amber Cosmetic Cream Oblique Jars 1 Oz Packaging Slanted Shoulder Empty Glass Jar with UV Silver Lidthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bagshowing the collected fines from this trial.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0),High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSuper LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfScrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating). FigureMulti Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowersshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureManufacturer for Steel Nails Hex Head Lag Screw - Galvanized bolt - Jiangyu shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter(Fig.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring). FigureAir Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.
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DISCUSSION
Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer-infrared spectrometry (All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale). In addition,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale(Addition/Platinum Cure Transparent Liquid Silicone Rubber for Resin Rhinestone Mouldmaking, Mirror). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating, regardless of the sensor position.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Electrical Permanent Magnet DC Motor for Vacuum Motor/Garden Tooling).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.
Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.
High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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