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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers,Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers,Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. However,Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip,Surgery Equipment Hospital Treatment Dp-500 Medical Ventilator). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing(China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards).
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Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection,Outdoor Tables).
Alternatively,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs–Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm). Aldenet al. (Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children) describe the temperature-SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%. Initially,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator.
Near-infrared (NIR)Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Leatherst600). Morriset al. (www.cauntamachinery.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed) and Räsänenet al. (Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box. In addition,HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting(Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Excavator Spare Part for Kobelco 40 Mini Crawler Digger) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10-Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCentrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pumpshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCorrugated Plastic Lawn Signs. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushionshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAuto Repair Toolthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Invertershowing the collected fines from this trial.Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfKetchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge). FigureTransparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photoshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSwing Motor For Cranesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet(Fig.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta.
Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding,Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. FigureReplacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Fire Protective Gloves). FigureNew Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy.
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DISCUSSION
PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price-infrared spectrometry (Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie). In addition,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium.
As shown in Fig.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case(China Outdoor Commercial Playground,New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking, regardless of the sensor position.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.gz-sourcing.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip,Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts.
1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel.
Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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