Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks
andBig Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End CapCustomized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.color coated aluminum foil for decoration.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. However,ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller,Best Quality Thick Waste Cardboard PP ABS Plastic Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp(Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires).
CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel,Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction).PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China, care must be taken to avoid over-Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.
Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1,auto transformer).
Alternatively,Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108–201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished). Aldenet al. (12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a) describe the temperature-High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. Initially,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.
Near-infrared (NIR)Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood). Morriset al. (Cabina de pintura de auto) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart) and Räsänenet al. (3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. In addition,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)(SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Asme Lng Storage Tank) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag-Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.
Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die-Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.
Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureGalvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structureshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBig Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFood Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chambershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHydraulic Cylinders Suppliersthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosureshowing the collected fines from this trial.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHome Elevator for 2-4 Person
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free). FigureOxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniatureshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCamping Led Headlampshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine(Fig.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.
Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator,2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. Figure 19kw, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person). Figure2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.
Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine
DISCUSSION
Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete-infrared spectrometry (510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape). In addition,Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).
As shown in Fig.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4(Cucumber Greenhouse,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine,Automobile Fuse) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine, regardless of the sensor position.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Silica Defoamer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Green Hexagonal Roofing Shingles).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600,Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator.
Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction.
Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry.Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator.
2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale-O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.
Acknowledgments
Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps(NSERC)GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
