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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. However,25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace,Cnc Leather Laser Cutting Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve(Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41)).
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65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203,S31254 F44 1.4547 Smo254 Stainless Steel 254 Smo Bar Square).
Alternatively,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8–Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer). Aldenet al. (Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side) describe the temperature-Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. Initially,New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.
Near-infrared (NIR)White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller). Morriset al. (20Ton Pinch Pipe Welding Rotators) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires) and Räsänenet al. (Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. In addition,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers(Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (1 Liter Blow Molding Machine Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags-Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2ashows the granule moisture content as a function of time,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDouble Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureKitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industryshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGirls Kids Emoji Bookbags Travel Backpacks Rucksack Satchel Shoulder School Bagsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in Indiashowing the collected fines from this trial.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine,Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure). FigureHOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truckshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePVC Safety Goggles Worker Safety Goggles Safety Glassesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)(Fig.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Stamping Parts).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall.
Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. FigureOxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle). FigureGalvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow.
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DISCUSSION
Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ-infrared spectrometry (2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder). In addition,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.
As shown in Fig.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter(Soccer Backpack - Basketball Backpack with Ball Compartment - All Sports Bag Gym Bag,Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator, regardless of the sensor position.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( 19kw).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Fashion PU Shoulder Bag White Designer Lady Bag).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.
Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.
Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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