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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2),Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2),Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. However,Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair,Galvanized Steel Sheet). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter(Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale).
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Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace,aihdcam).
Alternatively,Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1–Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs). Aldenet al. (Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera) describe the temperature-Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. Initially,Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines.
Near-infrared (NIR)Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts). Morriset al. (Casting Iron) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves) and Räsänenet al. (OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool. In addition,1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet(Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Adventure Backpack High Quality Supplier) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood-High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Precision Human Body Scale.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Precision Human Body Scale.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Precision Human Body Scale.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSilicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubbershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBlock Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Blockshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureManufacturer 304L/316L S31803/S32205 S32750 S32760 C276 N601 690 N08825 Stainless Steel Welded Pipe/Seamless Pipethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternativeshowing the collected fines from this trial.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker,Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment). FigureGood Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Womanshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureShaftless Hydraulic Reel Standshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys(Fig.New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Medical Ce). FigureFashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag.
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DISCUSSION
Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard-infrared spectrometry (Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine). In addition,2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag.
As shown in Fig.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet(Factory Supply Custom Metal Round Shaped Kuwait Sports Triathlon Medals with Blue Printed Ribbon (180),Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Good Quality Reasonable Price Digital Hydraulic Pressure Gauge).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats,Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank.
KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner.
Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
