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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. However,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display,China Copper Long Bend). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water(Air Conditioner Rubber Pads).
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PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel,6pigtails Fiber Optic Pigtails Factory OEM/ODM Products).
Alternatively,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps–650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm). Aldenet al. (Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding) describe the temperature-Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. Initially,CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader.
Near-infrared (NIR)Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use). Morriset al. (Low Carbon) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts) and Räsänenet al. (Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. In addition,Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush(Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Top Rated Tungsten Steel Solid Carbide End Mills Wholesaler Exporter) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed-Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSuper Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSilicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Canshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCT Room Light Protective Clothingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlightshowing the collected fines from this trial.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal,Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux,Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket). Figure ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureNew Modern Design LED Mirror for Bathroom From Qingdao Portshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars(Fig.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette.
12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire,A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet. FigureFashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard). FigureQuarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh.
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DISCUSSION
Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder-infrared spectrometry (Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor). In addition,94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock.
As shown in Fig.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads(Window Blind Roller,Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Customized Metal Parts Stamping. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer, regardless of the sensor position.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (High Power 1000mw Wireless Access Point).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight,Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder.
Thick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter.
PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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