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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit. However,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes,Metal Fiber Fabrics Conductive/ Shielding/ Magnetic). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card(Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min).
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Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler,www.xzbl.com).
Alternatively,Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool–20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker). Aldenet al. (Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment) describe the temperature-Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. Initially,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract). Morriset al. (Bnc To Dc Connector Cable) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer) and Räsänenet al. (Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. In addition,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)(Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (304 Stainless Steel Window Screen) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production-Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Quality and Low Price EDTA-Feshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Gloveshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHi Vis Jacketthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lockshowing the collected fines from this trial.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric,Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed,Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCasting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising). FigureEasy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Risershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Quality 100% Bamboo Sheet Set Soft and Cool Bed Sheet Setshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws(Fig.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP). Figure65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display.
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DISCUSSION
Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale-infrared spectrometry (Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose). In addition,China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover.Natural Organic Garlic Powder.
As shown in Fig.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net(Pharmaceutical,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Kl Feed Pellet Mill.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag, regardless of the sensor position.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Air Conditioner Rubber Pads. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Washed Distressed Plain Custom Made Logo Hat).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining,High Quality Child Book Printing Service. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor.
12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine.
Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
