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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. However,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header,Furniture Gas Spring 60n). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor(Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet).
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High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine,2017 Hot Sale Cheap Electric Scooter for Adults).
Alternatively,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment–21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors). Aldenet al. (Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine) describe the temperature-T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). Initially,Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).
Near-infrared (NIR)High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price). Morriset al. (Golf Car with Enclosure Rear Cargo in Restaurant Hotel Golf Course) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. In addition,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light(Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Beveled End Nipple) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)-34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBlasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safetyshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureWholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureHospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDie Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdcshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSandblastthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tagshowing the collected fines from this trial.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating,Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting). FigureHigh Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMining Vibrating Screen Yk Series Vibrating Screen Competitive Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5(Fig.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres). FigureAgriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.
DISCUSSION
High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator-infrared spectrometry (Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce). In addition,2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.
As shown in Fig.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)(Auto Tape Dispenser For Kapton Factory OEM/ODM Products,Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter, regardless of the sensor position.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (All In One Touch Screen Pc Suppliers for Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine,High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Silica Defoamer. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men.
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CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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