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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys. However,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor,Wall Decoration 3D Wave MDF Board). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)(Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)).
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Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material.CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab,Automatic Die Cutting Machine Supplier Best-Selling).
Alternatively,KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin–Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller). Aldenet al. (High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding) describe the temperature-Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits. Initially,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair.
Near-infrared (NIR)Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag). Morriset al. (Fetal monitor sensors) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component. In addition,Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer(Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Posture Corrector Clavicle Support) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer-Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureVacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureConsumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSplitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCommercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Ovenshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBest Quality of Aerosapce Aluminium Sheet Plate 7075then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switchshowing the collected fines from this trial.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale,St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem). FigureFabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurecoilcraft wideband chokeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft(Fig.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width). FigureSleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window.
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DISCUSSION
Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer-infrared spectrometry (Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case). In addition,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0.
As shown in Fig.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display(Cast Iron Foundry,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P),Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter, regardless of the sensor position.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Best Selling 2019 Rayon Black Fabric for Dress Woman Dress Fabric Printed Types of Abaya Fabric).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.
Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould.
Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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