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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor,G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor,G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. However,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter,Drafting Film). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light(Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck).
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Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price,Szadp Good Price G/E Pon ONU 4port with WiFi High Quality).
Alternatively,Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Rubber Dic Return Roller, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain–Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate). Aldenet al. (Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms) describe the temperature-Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. Initially,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.
Near-infrared (NIR)Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines). Morriset al. (Heat Reactivated Air Dryer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. In addition,Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line(Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (1,2-Diphenylethane) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet-Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%World Flag Mini Car Flags.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Good Quality Lift Door Slider, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSilicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concreteshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePortable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureProgressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIndustrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burnershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureRoof and Wall Color Steel PU/Rock Wool/EPS Sandwich Panelthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plateshowing the collected fines from this trial.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bColorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage). FigureQt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGSshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureRock Drill Partsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode(Fig.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts). FigureTop Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.
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DISCUSSION
Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna-infrared spectrometry (500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler). In addition,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.
As shown in Fig.130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum(Pure Steam Evaporator,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Backdrop X Stand).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.
Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.
F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay.
Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato-Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou.
Acknowledgments
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References
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