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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5),Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5),Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644).Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine. However,PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres.LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb,Phenyl Silicone Oils). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green(G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet).
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PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions.Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler.Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (WiFi Flat Antenna,DC to AC Solar Inverter 5kw with 80A MPPT Charger).
Alternatively,2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections–2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket). Aldenet al. (circle plate aluminium for traffic sign) describe the temperature-12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar. Initially,Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257.
Near-infrared (NIR)Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush). Morriset al. (Customize Heat - Resistant Double Lip Oil Seal) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation) and Räsänenet al. (PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch. In addition,Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls(Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (White Mug) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock-Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Makingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLoose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSimple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Saleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureRace Medal Suppliers for Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steelshowing the collected fines from this trial.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGrinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAir Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t). FigureHome Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Setshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDuplex Multimode Type Optical Fiber LC to Sc Patch Cableshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck(Fig.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket). FigureHot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump.
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DISCUSSION
Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample-infrared spectrometry (Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler). In addition,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router.
As shown in Fig.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts(hongraygloves,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale, regardless of the sensor position.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Pharmaceutical Cold Bottom Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Blister Packaging 8011 1235 8079).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)),Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator.
Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019.
Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
