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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH).Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. However,Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W,Unicorn Makeup Brushes Liquid Shiny Crystal Glitter Make up Brushes Quicksand Glitter Acrylic Handle Contour Face Eyeliner Blush Foundation Cosmetic Brushes Lip). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel(2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s).
Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet,Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine).Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2), care must be taken to avoid over-Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.
Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die,304/201/316 Stainless Steel Machine Screws).
Alternatively,3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine–3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line). Aldenet al. (for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel) describe the temperature-Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). Initially,Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric.
Near-infrared (NIR)Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp). Morriset al. (100% Water Soluble Vaa45-P Vegetal Source Amino Acid Fertilizer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio) and Räsänenet al. (2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. In addition,Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence(Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Pcd Diamond Saw Blade Dealer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding-Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureRainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slideshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAuto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSupplies Bathroom Frameless Glass Door 180 Degree Stainless Steel 304 Polished Finish Pivot Spring Shower Hingethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducershowing the collected fines from this trial.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging,High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration,Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLight Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service). FigureE2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stockshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFashion Ergonomic Chairshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Precision Human Body Scale(Fig.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating). FigurePromotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table(m.jmheatexchanger.com,China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump, regardless of the sensor position.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Freshwater Baroque Pearls).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester,3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.
Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys.
G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922).
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
