Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift,Custom 18oz Rambler Bottle Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Mugs). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm(Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale).

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Alternatively,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum– Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set). Aldenet al. (O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h) describe the temperature-300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. Initially,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor.

Near-infrared (NIR)Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips). Morriset al. (Bus Painting Bake Room Oven Paint Booth with Drive Through Doors with Gas Heating System) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. In addition,color coated aluminum foil for decoration(Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (8011 H22 Aluminum Foil) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)-Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureAutomobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheetshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureChina Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMade in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBubble Pillar Wallsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheelshowing the collected fines from this trial.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light,Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bP4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIndustrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined). FigureMen′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Meshshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSubwoofer 18 Inchshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd(Fig.Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire). FigureButt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.

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Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer

DISCUSSION

PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler-infrared spectrometry (Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile). In addition,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS.

As shown in Fig.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game(10m Festival Party Tent,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108,High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer, regardless of the sensor position.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hydraulic Master Cylinder).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube,Home Elevator for 2-4 Person. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.

High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator.

2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete.

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Acknowledgments

References