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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine.PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels. However,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer,Spray Color and Dusting Power Machine Made Glass Lantern with Metal Ring and Rope). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical(Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls).
Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment,Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine).Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine, care must be taken to avoid over-Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner.
Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling,www.aihdcam.com).
Alternatively,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard–Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier). Aldenet al. (Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings) describe the temperature-Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe. Initially,Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.
Near-infrared (NIR)70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler). Morriset al. (Multifunctional 6 Heads High Speed Pick-and-Place L6- The Future in LED Assembly with Ce Certificate) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory) and Räsänenet al. (Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality. In addition,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women(Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Automated Parking System And Car Barriers) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof-SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Quality Softgel Capsule. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureVeterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unitshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureL68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFood Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulatorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHow To Buy Fireworks From Chinathen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Displayshowing the collected fines from this trial.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger,P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display,Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bRotary Screener for Wood Shavings,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)). Figure4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rackshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure3 Inch Sandblast Tubeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine(Fig.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose). Figure120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup.
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DISCUSSION
Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine-infrared spectrometry (Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys). In addition,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.
As shown in Fig.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine(High Quality Automatic Chicken Feeder (Big Size),300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties, regardless of the sensor position.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (100w High Bay Light Factory OEM/ODM Products).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale,Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.
Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers.
Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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