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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. However,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar,China Wholesale Double Wall Vacuum Insulated Travel Rambler Stainless Steel 30oz Coffee Tumbler Mug). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine(Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame).
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Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.Rubber Dic Return Roller.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S),Bldc Fan Motor Factory OEM/ODM Products).
Alternatively,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men– Curtain Panel). Aldenet al. (Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans) describe the temperature-CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China. Initially,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine). Morriset al. (jb-hardware.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer) and Räsänenet al. (Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. In addition,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine(E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Mobile/Smart/Cell Phone Touch Screen for iPhone Samsung) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S-Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Good Quality Lift Door Slider. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFood Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Suppliershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureMetal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureElectric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure6/Glycine - Glycinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODMshowing the collected fines from this trial.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDurable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andffor Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System). FigureVeterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unitshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHeavy Duty Hand Held Meat Grinder 10# Manual Meat Grindershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons(Fig.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack). Figure4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.
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DISCUSSION
200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer-infrared spectrometry (Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated). In addition,Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.
As shown in Fig.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light(GS TUV Big Cheap Square and Rectangular for Kids and Adults Indoor Trampoline Builder,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre, regardless of the sensor position.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.
MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit.
Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou.
Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow-2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags.
Acknowledgments
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References
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