Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (3000 Watt  12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,Australian Standards AC Power Cord with SAA Certfication China Factory). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding(Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose).

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Alternatively,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light–Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment). Aldenet al. ( Double Braided Rope) describe the temperature-Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck. Initially,WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker.

Near-infrared (NIR)Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal). Morriset al. (Plastic Injection Molds) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer) and Räsänenet al. (Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump. In addition,Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash(HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Nr) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting-Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureUbs Charging GPS102b for Personal Trackingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureWaterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureOuternal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Manshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHappy Birthday Paper Photo Booth Props Birthday Decor for Kids Children Partythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Padshowing the collected fines from this trial.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle,Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGood Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home). FigureCar LED Reverse Parking Sensorsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMinarelli Partsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)(Fig.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould). FigureProfessional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.

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DISCUSSION

Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer-infrared spectrometry (Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine). In addition,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe.

As shown in Fig.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China(Socket Fusion Cold Ring,OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box,1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit, regardless of the sensor position.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (China Manufacturer Direct Sale  4L Small Oxygen Cylinder).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (20w 30w 50w Fiber Laser Marking Machine).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric.

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Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan.

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Acknowledgments

References