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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. However,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn,Auto Air Hose Reel). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price(Ce Approved of Professional).
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Alternatively,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified–Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5). Aldenet al. (Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale) describe the temperature-Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. Initially,Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel). Morriset al. (Supermarket Shopping Laser Laminated PP Metallic Non-Woven Design Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. In addition,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold(Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Phenyl Silicone Oils) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove-High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAutomatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industryshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBrass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Custom Screw, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAnti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacketshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustomize Heat - Resistant Double Lip Oil Sealthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kitsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCoal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfVoc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber). FigureNew Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWhite Mugshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves(Fig.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine). FigureMagnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.
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DISCUSSION
ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers-infrared spectrometry (Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine). In addition,2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw.
As shown in Fig.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016(Duplex Multimode Type Optical Fiber LC to Sc Patch Cable,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler,Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor, regardless of the sensor position.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Supplier High Lumen Waterproof 240W/300W/400W/500W/600W/720W/800W/900W/1000W/1200W Outdoor LED Floodlight).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification.
Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.
Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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