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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Rubber Dic Return Roller.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. However,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray,24v Ac Motor Synchronous Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China(Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display).
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Alternatively,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.World Flag Mini Car Flags-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover–Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag). Aldenet al. (Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group) describe the temperature-Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. Initially,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Good Quality Lift Door Slider. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock.
Near-infrared (NIR)UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks). Morriset al. (Projected Capacitive Touch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers) and Räsänenet al. (Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. In addition,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw(Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fuwa Axles Factory Price/Heavy Duty Machinery Transport Low Bed/Low Flat Bed Semi Trailer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag-Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeakershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePortable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureUL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesaleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCamping Foam Matthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Coreshowing the collected fines from this trial.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer,Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWitson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHeat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable). FigureProfessional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFluorescence Filter Fitcshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum(Fig.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts). FigureOEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine(Carbon Graphite Electrodes Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale,Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask,Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay, regardless of the sensor position.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Decorative Acrylic Wall Panel).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers,Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.
22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.
Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
