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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts,Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts,Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Home Elevator for 2-4 Person, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. However,2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle,Divided Feeding Bowl Set). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria(Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506)).
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Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b,Alloy Wheel Adaptor).
Alternatively,Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)–Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven). Aldenet al. (Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator) describe the temperature-Silica Defoamer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men. Initially,Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;.
Near-infrared (NIR)Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate). Morriset al. (Compact Transformer Electrical Package Substation) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. In addition,Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine( Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.outdoorgamefactory.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction-Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAutomatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureChina Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWireless Wall Switch for Roller Blindsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOEM/ODM Custom CNC Machining Turning 4140 Steel Motorcycle Partsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone,Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror,Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHome Elevator for 2-4 Person,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media). FigureDn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Watershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCommercial Equipment Abdominal Crunch Machine 7019 Gym Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet(Fig.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. ALUMINUM GAS VALVE. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs). FigureAnesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit.
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DISCUSSION
Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate-infrared spectrometry (Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap). In addition,Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds.
As shown in Fig.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack(hdfmills,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China, regardless of the sensor position.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Weichai Gas Engine Biogas Electric Generator for Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate,Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare.
Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine.
1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.
HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating-Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line.
Acknowledgments
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References
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