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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. However,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce,Jewelry Displays Sets). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24(Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661)).
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Alternatively,High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber–Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic). Aldenet al. (Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine) describe the temperature-Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. Initially,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener). Morriset al. (Seamless Mesh) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus) and Räsänenet al. (Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). In addition,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box(PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (11h Rabbit Fur Handbag Purses And Handbags - Purses And Handbags) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.color coated aluminum foil for decoration-EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBest Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureMelee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureChina Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. Oil and Gas Pipeline, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLight Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parkingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure3 Way Elbow Pipe Fittings (water supply)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bitsshowing the collected fines from this trial.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSafe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric). FigureCNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Partsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHot Vulcanizing Rubbershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine(Fig.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. High Weather Resistant. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).
Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler. FigureChina Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag). FigureCustomized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.
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DISCUSSION
Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow-infrared spectrometry (16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks). In addition,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.
As shown in Fig.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch(3speed Thermostat,Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope,High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group, regardless of the sensor position.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Wrought Iron Table Legs For Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts,Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.
Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.
Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
