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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Saw Blade for Harvester Machine,PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Saw Blade for Harvester Machine,PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. However,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine,Sublimation Shirt Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner(1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable).
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Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing.Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler,Embroidery Design Christmas Knitting Cotton Children Blanket for Toddler).
Alternatively,China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt–94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid). Aldenet al. (Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands) describe the temperature-Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. Initially,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.
Near-infrared (NIR)SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)). Morriset al. (Mother Of Pearl Inlay) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment) and Räsänenet al. (Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%. In addition,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck(DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( 40FT. L) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Brake Porker Hose Crimping Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine-Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Beltshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureP2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureZ4510 Custom Six Pack Bottle Carrierthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collarshowing the collected fines from this trial.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair,Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine,Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bVeterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMedical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um). Figure125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marbleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMosquito Borne Zika Virusshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag(Fig.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Child Book Printing Service).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Acid Red 18 for Textile). Figure100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet.
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DISCUSSION
Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding-infrared spectrometry (Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line). In addition,Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy.
As shown in Fig.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium(Cnc Rack And Pinion Factory OEM/ODM Product,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108, regardless of the sensor position.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (off Grid Solar Power System 3kw).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Supply A2fe90/61W-VAL100 Hydraulic Piston Motor for Cold Planer).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber.
Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip.
Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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