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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw,Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw,Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale).Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. However,Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle,PCB Aluminum Electronic Extrusion Enclosure/Aluminum Profile Extruded Aluminum Electronic Enclosure OEM 6063 Anodized Extruded LED Aluminium Profile Manufacture). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price(Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag).
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Alternatively,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084–Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine). Aldenet al. ( 19kw) describe the temperature-4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. Initially,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.
Near-infrared (NIR)Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person). Morriset al. (Kd Adjustable Style Computer Table (HX-8NE040)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building) and Räsänenet al. (510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. In addition,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding(High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Best Heaters For Home Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler-Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTable Top Console with Flipper Cover;shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.mintiangroup.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTHshowing the collected fines from this trial.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bColorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSeated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction). FigureBlack Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureJewelry Magnetron Sputtering Coatershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable(Fig.High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting). Figure3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.
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DISCUSSION
100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch-infrared spectrometry ( Manual). In addition,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification.
As shown in Fig.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)(Screw Thread Fitting, Anchor Clamp). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children, regardless of the sensor position.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor.
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Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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