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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks,Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks,Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. However,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956,Face Relax Cradle). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan(Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale).
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Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad,Machining Center Armoured Bellow Covers).
Alternatively,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch–High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)). Aldenet al. (High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights) describe the temperature-7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve. Initially,2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel.
Near-infrared (NIR)High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy). Morriset al. (Hollow Rivet For Wood) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining) and Räsänenet al. (Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier. In addition,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting(4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Prime Electrolytic Tinplate for Canned Food) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor-G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePopular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Caseshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureMl-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureCustom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureKiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipmentshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureConveyor Belt Hot Splicing Mchinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braidshowing the collected fines from this trial.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel,Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Rubber Dic Return Roller.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt). FigureBest Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Qualityshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTaxi Headrest 9 Inch Taxi Ad Player Android Advertising Player Advertising Display with Long Life LCD Digital Signageshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch(Fig.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts). FigureCe ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant.
DISCUSSION
Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet-infrared spectrometry (Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags). In addition,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine.
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors(Natural Mixed Tocopherols,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table, Teflon Rod) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Good Quality Lift Door Slider, regardless of the sensor position.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Precision Human Body Scale).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.
Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.
Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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