Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers
andConstruction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry UseSanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. However,High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux,m.meditecho2.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector(Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy).
Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch,SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902).ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant, care must be taken to avoid over-20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.
Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed ( RoHS,5239 Crimp Terminal Flat Cable Wiring Harness).
Alternatively,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars–Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid). Aldenet al. (Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric) describe the temperature-PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE. Initially,Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.
Near-infrared (NIR)A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers). Morriset al. (bentengcorp.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202)) and Räsänenet al. (High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. In addition,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer(Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Coil SS304 SS316 Ss321) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective-Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.
Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System-Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap.
Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAcm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panelshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAutomatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePrecision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeveshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOrganic Fertilizer Pellet Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2bmf Series Seedershowing the collected fines from this trial.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506)). FigureDuctile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbowshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePowder Coating Stainless Steel Cooling Conveyorsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card(Fig.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.
Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh. FigureHigh Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.). FigureGood Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor.
Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder
DISCUSSION
Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover-infrared spectrometry (Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner). In addition,for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe.
As shown in Fig.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine(Automatic Farm Equipment Layer Chicken Cage,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006),Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B), regardless of the sensor position.Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Commercial Passenger Elevator).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge,Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts.
Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve.
100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts.
ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head-Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing.
Acknowledgments
China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric(NSERC)Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
