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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. However,1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil,Centrifugal Pump Price). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person(a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price).
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Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad,Different Sizes of MIG 0.6mm to 1.6mm MIG Aluminum Alloy Welding Wire 5356).
Alternatively,Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker–2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home). Aldenet al. (Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors) describe the temperature-300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). Initially,Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.
Near-infrared (NIR)45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House). Morriset al. (260w Co2 Laser Metal Cnc Laser Cutting Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL) and Räsänenet al. (China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car. In addition,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal(Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.fessiecookware.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad-Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHandy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureTent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureChina Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheelsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureStainless Carriage Boltsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Boxshowing the collected fines from this trial.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE,Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFactory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder). FigureWholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tankshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAdults@Kids Chinese Best Folding Mini Electric Bike/Scooter/Bicycleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card(Fig.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer.
Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. FigureFTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag). FigureVertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe(HR/CR/GI Seam Welded Tube Mill,Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line, regardless of the sensor position.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (40-100mm Non-Crosslined Expanded PE Foam Plank Plastic Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter,Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card.
Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.
Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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