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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010). However,Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator,Electronics PCB Board). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment(LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display).
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P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack,www.pengtongfabric.com).
Alternatively,Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband–Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated). Aldenet al. (Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting) describe the temperature-24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). Initially,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board). Morriset al. (7HP Belt Transmission Power Tiller/Cultivator) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode) and Räsänenet al. (White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. In addition,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine(Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hydraulic Tee Beveling Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table-Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNumber Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toysshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureRound Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuitsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureRound Shape White Color Coffee Table with Marble Topthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bagshowing the collected fines from this trial.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDiameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine). Figure1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Boardshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLarge Capacity Stone Grinding Machine Stone Ball Mill for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine(Fig.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve). FigureAutomatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill(New Women Low Waist Striped Bikini Set Bandage Swimsuit,Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker, regardless of the sensor position.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Battery Grade Cmc).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.
Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.
Different Types Quail Cage. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
