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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146),Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146),Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi. However,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home,Dimmable Single Double Activation LED Digital Human Motion Activated Sensor Light). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System(Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)).
230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063).Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J), care must be taken to avoid over-High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.
Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case,350w 17r Spinning Moving Head Beam).
Alternatively,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete–4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor). Aldenet al. (Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)) describe the temperature-Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. Initially,Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator.
Near-infrared (NIR)Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24). Morriset al. (Furniture Screws) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains) and Räsänenet al. (Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. In addition,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray(Kl Feed Pellet Mill).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Adss Fibre Cable Clamps Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory-45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athleticshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBest Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSte200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLow Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Liftershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDistribution Boxthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Constructionshowing the collected fines from this trial.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale). FigureSupply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Qualityshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBicycle 4 Digit Cable Lockshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE(Fig.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.
Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord,A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. FigurePVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape). FigureEco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free.
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DISCUSSION
Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished-infrared spectrometry (Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter). In addition,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap.
As shown in Fig.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width(Vvvf Passenger Home Panoramic Observation Residential Elevator,Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse,High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service, regardless of the sensor position.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Good Quality Wireless Mouse).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts,Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.
Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345).
160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
