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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. However,Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ce Approved of Professional,m.ageruo.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal(Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making).
Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires).Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe, care must be taken to avoid over-Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House.
Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified,Key Duplicating).
Alternatively,Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5–Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale). Aldenet al. (3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel) describe the temperature-Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. Initially,Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.
Near-infrared (NIR)Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine). Morriset al. (www.willingtire.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t) and Räsänenet al. (Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh. In addition,Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor(Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Paint High Speed Dispersion Mixer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder-Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDrop Forged One Way Load Buckleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOriginal Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kitsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAntirust Chicken Layer Cage Designs High Quality Productsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Coolershowing the collected fines from this trial.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229),China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil,CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAbrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine). FigureMetal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhoneshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCurbstone Brick Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)(Fig.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price). FigureABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head.
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DISCUSSION
GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric-infrared spectrometry (Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)). In addition,Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed.Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid.
As shown in Fig.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership(Biscuit Packing Machine,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine,Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display, regardless of the sensor position.Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (High Quality Led Track Light 30w Factory OEM/ODM Products).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Natural Organic Garlic Powder,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve.
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Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Kl Feed Pellet Mill. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
