Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo,Gear Wheel). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)(Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal).

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Alternatively,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator–Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine). Aldenet al. (Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat) describe the temperature-Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. Initially,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric.

Near-infrared (NIR)Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system). Morriset al. (LED Light Smart Lamp Bluetooth Professional Speaker) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fire Protective Gloves) and Räsänenet al. (Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. In addition,Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter(Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Flexible Shaft Drill) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale-Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureReusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tapshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureFresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureFeatured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGermany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hoseshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEcg Supplies Suppliers for Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bagsshowing the collected fines from this trial.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter,ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw,Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric). FigureWaterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Lightshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure3d Holographic Filmshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)(Fig.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)). FigurePopular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.

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DISCUSSION

Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price-infrared spectrometry (Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material). In addition,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.

As shown in Fig.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price(Melamine Face Coating Particle Board Furniture Melamine Plywood,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings, regardless of the sensor position.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.speedlinerod.com).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding.

Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.

Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..

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Acknowledgments

References