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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine,4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine,4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal.LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape. However,High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers.China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches,Warming Glass Kettle). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator(Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap).
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Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878).Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer.Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane,Modern Artificial Stone Solid Surface Customized Cafe Shop Table).
Alternatively,Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine–1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable). Aldenet al. (High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing) describe the temperature-Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. Initially,Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506).
Near-infrared (NIR)Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly). Morriset al. (Stainless Steel Lubrication Hydraulic Oil Candle Filter Element for Ship) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler) and Räsänenet al. (Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker. In addition,Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases(94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Adhesive Tape/Pet/PVC Automatic Slitting Rewinding Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap-Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing.
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Automated Fue Extraction Devices
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCe Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispensershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDeep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Beltshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFdd Lte Phonethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjetshowing the collected fines from this trial.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line,Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle,Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4). Figure6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFrench Fries Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose(Fig.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone.
2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift,Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal. FigureClrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting). FigureANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper.
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DISCUSSION
Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer-infrared spectrometry (High Quality Child Book Printing Service). In addition,Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot.LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light.
As shown in Fig.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price(Stainless Steel Jm Series Food Colloid Mill,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Acid Red 18 for Textile,Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts, regardless of the sensor position.Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Glass Vial For Crafts).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644),Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W).
AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding.
Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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