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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. However,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap,High Brightness 12V LED Advertising Letter Board). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags(210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203).
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2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side,E27 12 Volt Led Lights).
Alternatively,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller–Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires). Aldenet al. (Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel) describe the temperature-Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. Initially,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.
Near-infrared (NIR)Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction). Morriset al. (Alloy Rim Car Wheels) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1) and Räsänenet al. (Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. In addition,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black(201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (software for cell phone sticker) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)-Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Rubber Dic Return Roller. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGalvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structureshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLaser Cncthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truckshowing the collected fines from this trial.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bResistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCanned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet). FigureDC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in Chinashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMetal Car USB Flash Drive with 512MB-32GBshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet(Fig.High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine.
Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. Figure2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station). FigureTwo People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).
DISCUSSION
Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine-infrared spectrometry (China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084). In addition,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.Good Quality Lift Door Slider.
As shown in Fig.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag(12 Core Fan Out Mpo Patch Cord Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList, 19kw). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person,20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.yxmembrane.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons.
Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.
4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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