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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41),OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41),OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. However,Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine,Heat Pipe Solar Collector Grey Color). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process( Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box).
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Alternatively,Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room–Fan Coil Filters). Aldenet al. (Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price) describe the temperature-Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled. Initially,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw.
Near-infrared (NIR)16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V). Morriset al. (China Nano Zno Powder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard) and Räsänenet al. (Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid. In addition,Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display( CNC Turning Parts).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Aste to Energy Plant Waste to Power Power Plant Pyrolysis Biomass Power Generation) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750-Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figurecolor coated aluminum foil for decorationshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePlayground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.machining-in-china.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproofshowing the collected fines from this trial.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts,7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLiya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe). FigureTorque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMesh Small Tea Bag Packing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment(Fig.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)). FigureAir Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.
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DISCUSSION
Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile-infrared spectrometry (2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1). In addition,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.
As shown in Fig.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration(Anti-Metal Tag Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box, regardless of the sensor position.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Rubber Dic Return Roller.
Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.
Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
