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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. However,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA,Chrome Yellow Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining(off Grid Solar Power System 5kw).
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Alternatively,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine–PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)). Aldenet al. (Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry) describe the temperature-2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. Initially,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Modular Home for Accommodation Solution.
Near-infrared (NIR)Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs). Morriset al. (Aluminum Profile Window Door Making Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor. In addition,Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo(18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Decals for Car Mirror Chrome Brushed Vinyl Wrap Film) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer-Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Industrial Used ISO Tank Container.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cableshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIndustrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureShengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluidshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureInsulated Cake Lunch Food Tote Bagthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glandsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2,Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSeated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPersonalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment). FigureCe Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispensershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureOperating Levershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant(Fig.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine). FigureMagnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits.
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DISCUSSION
Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine-infrared spectrometry (Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar). In addition,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.
As shown in Fig.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)(1440 Oled Manufacturers Cheap Price,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble,200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker..
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Auto Tool Knife Changer CNC Router for Wood Carving Furniture/ Decorative Pattern Engraving Hollow out Cutting Special Mold Engraving Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment.
Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.
Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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