Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ((BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet,Low Noise Auto Primer Spraying Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED(OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap).

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Alternatively,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration–Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge). Aldenet al. (Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo) describe the temperature-Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch. Initially,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.

Near-infrared (NIR)Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal). Morriset al. (Agricultural Sprayer Self Propelled Orchard Sprayer Turbo Mist Sprayer Power Sprayer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal) and Räsänenet al. (Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. In addition,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer(Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Narrow Aisle Forklift Hire) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type-Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureReplacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification systemshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureDigital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigurePVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNew Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Useshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHuawei P20 Lite Screen Protectorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forgedshowing the collected fines from this trial.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMini Digger Hot Sale in Australia

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ). FigureStable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extrudershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure(1050shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide(Fig.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Double Braided Rope). FigureFidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,CAS: 9003-01-4  Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%(m.waterdroprofilter.com,HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345),API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence, regardless of the sensor position.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Super Bright DC 12V 4 40W Square CREE LED Work Lights).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine,Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux.

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Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire.

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Acknowledgments

References