Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires,Medicine Grade CAS 69-72-7 Salicylic Acid From Factory). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price(Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel).

Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction,Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1).China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium, care must be taken to avoid over-Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.

Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108,China 3 Ton Truck).

Alternatively,2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished–12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a). Aldenet al. (High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood) describe the temperature-12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH). Initially,Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip.

Near-infrared (NIR)Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart). Morriset al. (40 Pin 1920*720 Resolution LCD 12.3 Inch TFT LCD Display/Screen for Car Drive) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer) and Räsänenet al. (SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. In addition,OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts(Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.bestcontactor.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic-Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truckshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureHigh Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBattery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosureshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina standing Podium Lecternthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Stamping Partsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles,Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFactory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfRound Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature). Figure9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBrake Bulb S25shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G(Fig.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine).

19kw

Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt.

Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. FigureFiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building). FigureMolybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine.

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DISCUSSION

Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified-infrared spectrometry (High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)). In addition,Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet.

As shown in Fig.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging(Stainless Steel Laser Cutting Wall Art Metal Tree Decoration for The Wall,Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Automobile Fuse,Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light, regardless of the sensor position.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Precision Human Body Scale: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.machinefactroy.com).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck,DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List.

Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side.

DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing.

Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys-Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley.

Acknowledgments

References