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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs,Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs,Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter.High Precision Human Body Scale. However,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial,High Quality IP65 Aluminum Outdoor Lighting Waterproof SMD 80W 90PCS LED Solar Street Light). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband(Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price).
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20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging.Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed ((BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet,Customized Strong Stainless Steel Spiral Flat Torsion Spring).
Alternatively,Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap–Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty). Aldenet al. (Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion) describe the temperature-2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). Initially,Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining.
Near-infrared (NIR)Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter). Morriset al. (High Quality Asphalt Shingles with 20-30 Years Warranty in Factory Directly Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration) and Räsänenet al. (Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. In addition,2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester(Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Surgery Equipment Hospital Treatment Dp-500 Medical Ventilator) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag-New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Sizeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFire Protective Glovesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.cauntamachinery.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Gameshowing the collected fines from this trial.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner,Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room,Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDouble UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate). FigureNew Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Useshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureExcavator Spare Part for Kobelco 40 Mini Crawler Diggershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric(Fig.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine). FigureCwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat(Swing Motor For Cranes, Double Braided Rope). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal,Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee, regardless of the sensor position.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Fully Double Dipped Blue Nitrile Gloves Protective Safety Work Glove).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale,St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.
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Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
