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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. However,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( Mirror,360 Full Automatic Car Wash Equipment Touchless). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home(4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve).
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Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.Different Types Quail Cage, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA,New Design White High Gloss Bedroom Set).
Alternatively,Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts–Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve). Aldenet al. (Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)) describe the temperature-Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification. Initially,China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth.
Near-infrared (NIR)V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley). Morriset al. (Washable Floor Carpet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor) and Räsänenet al. ( 3mm) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. In addition,PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire(Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.saidaglass.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry-Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Lightshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSelf Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePromotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLubricating Oilshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureTimer For Refrigeratorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Lineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type). FigureNatural Organic Garlic Powdershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBest Co2 Laser Tubeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch(Fig.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.WiFi Flat Antenna).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign). FigureFashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design.
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DISCUSSION
API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer-infrared spectrometry (10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation). In addition,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover.
As shown in Fig.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile(high gloos cast acrylic sheet for lights,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits,Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water, regardless of the sensor position.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Ce Approved of Professional).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Vital Type Ratchet Lever Hoist 1.6 Ton).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black,Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light.
Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.
Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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