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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat,High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat,High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer.Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine. However,Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity.Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube,Factory Sale Zamark Metal Drawer Pulls Cabinet Handles Door Knobs). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1(Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality).
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Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap.Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration,Automatic Liquid Powder Granule Doypack Pouch Packing Filling Sealing Machine).
Alternatively,Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Automated Fue Extraction Devices, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth–Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G). Aldenet al. (Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can) describe the temperature-Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net. Initially,Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight). Morriset al. (Solar Panel Tile Roof Mount From China) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe) and Räsänenet al. (Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun. In addition,Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard( ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Copper Long Bend) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights-Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureGalvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbowshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureModern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePolyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standardshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLow Carbonthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Millshowing the collected fines from this trial.Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot,LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light,36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water). FigureModern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Tableshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Top Rated Tungsten Steel Solid Carbide End Mills Wholesaler Exportershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw(Fig.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap). FigureGrinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing.
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DISCUSSION
Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose-infrared spectrometry (Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price). In addition,Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644).Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine.
As shown in Fig.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green(New Modern Design LED Mirror for Bathroom From Qingdao Port,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms,Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire, regardless of the sensor position.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Digital Portable Conductivity Meter).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50),Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness.
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UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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