Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance,Wire Mesh Belt for Industrial Conveyor). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board(Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor).

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Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo,Water Bottle Cap / Sport Bottle Lid / Plastic Cap (SS4316)).

Alternatively,Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP–Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear). Aldenet al. (Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose) describe the temperature-2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. Initially,Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe.

Near-infrared (NIR)Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors). Morriset al. (1300mm Sander Machine for Sanding and Calibrating) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe) and Räsänenet al. (Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer. In addition,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine(F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Android Interactive Touch Table) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack-Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureBest Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Redshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureChusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureBest Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCe/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snareshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureNeoprene Armrest Coverthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)showing the collected fines from this trial.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bQt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSafe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table). Figure300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabricshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.yasentag.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage(Fig.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price). FigureHigh Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).

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DISCUSSION

Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap-infrared spectrometry (School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant). In addition,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm.

As shown in Fig.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel(Cotton Printed Fabric,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07,Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port, regardless of the sensor position.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( 904L).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Quick Release Coupling).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).

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EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.

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Acknowledgments

References