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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. However,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader,New Mini PC Intel J1900 with LAN *2 Shenzhen China). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane(Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould).
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Alternatively,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line–Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging). Aldenet al. (API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type) describe the temperature-4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. Initially,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design.
Near-infrared (NIR)1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Natural Organic Garlic Powder). Morriset al. (Custom Machined High Precision Eccentric Forged Shaft) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel) and Räsänenet al. (40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. In addition,Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer(G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Nipple Drinker) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden-Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCe Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injectionsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCe, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Lineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFashion Bucket Hats Supplier & Factorythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceilingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments,American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn). FigureCe Approved of Professionalshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureToughened Glass Painting Abstract Geometry Art Glass Craft Paintings (MR-YB6-2043)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction(Fig.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t). FigurePrefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed.
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DISCUSSION
10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds-infrared spectrometry (Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer). In addition,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor.
As shown in Fig.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine(Shower Enclosure with Sliding Door Big Roller,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price, regardless of the sensor position.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal,Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock.
Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars.
Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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