Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier,908 Wheel Loader Factory OEM/ODM Products). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)(2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival).

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Alternatively,Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions–Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap). Aldenet al. (210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203) describe the temperature-Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. Initially,Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane.

Near-infrared (NIR)24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8). Morriset al. (Chinese Factories) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer) and Räsänenet al. (Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). In addition,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose(Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (-25c Winter 10kw Underground Brine Water Source Heat Pump) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock-Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureMangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureCrucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureSurface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePortable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cartshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFiberglass Shaped Round Tubethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammershowing the collected fines from this trial.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate,3000 Watt  12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry). FigureQt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in Indiashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAluminum Makeup Case With Wheelsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um(Fig.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS.

SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. FigureBattery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stamping Parts). FigureFabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.

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DISCUSSION

Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price-infrared spectrometry (Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature). In addition,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.

As shown in Fig.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits(Fireproof Fiberglass Glasswool Thermal Insulation Tube Pipeline,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder,High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder, regardless of the sensor position.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Oxford Double Layer A4 Document Carry Bag with Zipper).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors.

Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch.

Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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Acknowledgments

References